Whaling timeline
Posted by Dave onboard the Esperanza
This is a chronology of whaling, adapted from "The Whaling Season: An Inside Account of the Struggle to Stop Commercial Whaling" by Kieran Mulvaney (Island Press, 2003). I read this excellent book on my last trip to the Southern Ocean in February. Kieran was on board several Greenpeace anti-whaling expeditions, and manages to pack his personal experiences, detailed expedition logs and a detailed explanation of the complex mess that is whaling, as well as untangling the intricacies of the International Whaling Commission.
This table is from the appendices of the The Whaling Season:
| c. 1000 C.E. | Basques begin hunting right whales in Bay of Biscay region, the first true commercial whaling operation. Over the ensuing centuries, they expand slowly northward and westward, arriving off Labrador around 1540. |
| 1611 | England's Muscovy Company sends two whaling ships to the newly-discovered Arctic island of Spitsbergen to hunt bowhead whales. By 1613, the waters around Spitsbergen are choked with whaling ships. By the late seventeenth century, Dutch whalers alone send roughly 250 vessels and 18,000 men to the Arctic in search of bowheads. |
| 1675 | Yoriharu Wada begins organizing whaling crews in Taiji, Japan. |
| 1712 | Beginning of American commercial whaling, operating out of Nantucket in search of sperm whales. |
| 1842 | British explorer James Clark Ross, sailing off the Antarctic Peninsula, observes “a very great number of the largest-sized black whales,” prompting interest in the prospects for an Antarctic whaling industry. |
| 1863 | Norwegian whaling pioneer Svend Foyn launches the Spes et Fides, the first truly steam-powered whaling ship. |
| 1868 | Foyn perfects the harpoon cannon. |
| 1874 | German whaling ship, the Grönland, heads south in search of the whales spied by Ross. It becomes the first steam ship to cross the Antarctic Circle, but fails to catch any whales. |
| 1904 | Norwegian Carl Anton Larsen establishes the first Antarctic whaling operation, at Grytviken on South Georgia. In its first twelve months, the company shoots 184 whales. Within ten years, South Georgia whalers kill 1,738 blue whales, 4,776 fin whales, and 21,894 humpback whales. |
| 1909 | First British Antarctic whaling station established on West Falkland Island. |
| 1923 | Larsen leads the Sir James Clark Ross, the first Antarctic factory ship, into the Ross Sea. |
| 1924 | The Lancing, the first modern factory ship equipped with a stern ramp, reaches the Antarctic. |
| 1927 | Whale kill for the Antarctic season: 13,775. |
| 1929 | Whale kill for the Antarctic season: 40,201. |
| 1930 | Thirty-eight factory ships and 184 catchers, mostly British and Norwegian, are operating in the Antarctic. |
| 1931 | Geneva Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is signed; the first international attempt to regulate the industry. That same year, an all-time record 29,410 blue whales are killed in the Antarctic. |
| 1934 | First Japanese factory ship, the Tonan Maru, heads to the Antarctic. |
| 1937 | International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling is signed in London. The next season, 46,039 whales are killed in the Antarctic, the highest total ever. |
| 1946 | International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) is signed in Washington, D.C. Three years later, the IWC meets for the first time. |
| 1964 | Antarctic whalers are able to find and kill just twenty blue whales. The following year, the IWC protects the species from whaling. |
| 1971 | Greenpeace makes its first voyage, to Amchitka Island to protest nuclear testing. |
| 1972 | United Nations Conference on the Human Environment votes for a ten-year moratorium on commercial whaling. |
| 1975 | First Greenpeace anti-whaling voyage, confronting Soviet whalers in the North Pacific. |
| 1979 | IWC establishes Indian Ocean Sanctuary, and bans pelagic factory ship whaling for all species except minkes. |
| 1982 | IWC establishes indefinite commercial whaling moratorium, to take effect from 1985/86 Antarctic season. Japan, Norway, Peru, and USSR file objections; Japan and Peru later withdraw their objections. |
| 1987 | Japanese factory ship Nisshin Maru No. 3 and three catchers set out on first "scientific whaling" voyage in Antarctic, to kill up to 330 minke whales. |
| 1989 | During second "scientific whaling" voyage, the Nisshin Maru No. 3 encounters the Greenpeace icebreaker Gondwana, which interferes with its actions for several days. |
| 1991 | MV Greenpeace leaves Singapore on 81-day voyage to intercept Japan's Antarctic whaling fleet. |
| 1992 | French government proposes Southern Ocean Sanctuary; Greenpeace departs on second voyage to find Antarctic whalers. |
| 1994 | IWC adopts Southern Ocean Sanctuary; Greenpeace embarks on third Antarctic anti-whaling expedition. |
| 1995 | Japan increases quota for Antarctic "research" whaling from 330 to 440. |
| 1996 | Japan begins "research" whaling in the North Pacific. |
| 1997 | "Irish proposal" floated at IWC meeting in Monaco. |
| 1998 | Brazil floats idea for a South Atlantic whale sanctuary; Australia and New Zealand suggest a similar sanctuary in the South Pacific. |
| 1999 | Arctic Sunrise engages Nisshin Maru and catchers. |
| 2000 | Japan expands North Pacific "research" to include Bryde's and sperm whales. |
| 2001 | Arctic Sunrise again engages Antarctic whaling fleet. |
| 2002 | Japan expands North Pacific hunt to include sei whales, and increases N. Pacific quota of minke whales. At the annual IWC meeting, Japan and allies initially deny bowhead quota to natives of Alaska and Russia. At a special meeting in England, the IWC apparently readmits Iceland in to IWC, with a reservation against the moratorium; somehow, non-member Iceland is itself allowed to cast the deciding vote. |
| 2005 | The Government of Japan announces massive increase of "research" whaling quota in the Antarctic, to 935 minke whales annually. Beginning in 2006, the catch will also include endangered fin whales; and, from 2007, endangered humpback whales. |
| 2005-6 | The Greenpeace ships Esperanza and Arctic Sunrise interfere with the whaling fleet in the Antarctic. |
| 2006 | Iceland returns to commercial whaling, killing seven endangered fin whales. |
| 2007 | The Esperanza returns to the Antarctic in search of the whaling fleet. After a fire on the Nisshin Maru leaves the factory whaling ship drifting in the Ross Sea and one crewman dead, the Esperanza stands by, offering assistance. |
| 2007 | The International Whaling Commission meets on US soil for the first time in 18 years, in Anchorage, Alaska. The Commission calls on Japan to "Government of Japan to suspend indefinitely the lethal aspects of JARPA II conducted within the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary", referring to Japan's scientific whaling programme. More » |
| 2007 | In August, Iceland announces that it's stopping commercial whaling. Fisheries minister, Einar K. Guofinnsson says "The whaling industry, like any other industry, has to obey the market. If there is no profitability there is no foundation for resuming with the killing of whales". More » |
| 2007 | In November, the Japanese whaling fleet leaves port, heading for the Southern Ocean. The Greenpeace ship Esperanza is trailing the fleet from Japan. |


Comments
This reads like a horror story - but one that came true.
Cruelty of mankind, irrational behaviour and greed never seems to end. When will this stop?
Thank you for your preseverance - it teaches me to do the same: never give up on the good cause!
People - use your blogs for protest!
Posted by: Petra Voegtle | November 20, 2007 12:51 PM
I dont know really where to post. But I cant say how utterly disgusted I am that they are condemming these pour animals to death. Surely there are other way to study them. It really turned my stomach and breaks my heart. I hope something can be done to ban them completely. Good luck guys and gals.
Posted by: Dianne | November 20, 2007 1:39 PM
I have lived and worked in Japan for the past 3 and 1/2 years and planned on staying here longer- but this is it. I can't stay here anymore. I feel I'm selling out my country (New Zeland) and the whales. At the end of my contract I am coming home. I almost wnat to come join you guys.
Posted by: Amy Sturgeon | November 21, 2007 2:17 AM
I feel absolute disgust at being a member of the human race. History seems to teach us nothing. Can remember the fist time I was given an insite into the agony and slaughter. Tory Channel New Zealand, way back in the early sixties.I'm at a complete loss to know why our government continues to allow Japanese thugs, into the Southern ocean sanctury.
Good Luck gallant crew.
Posted by: jill malloy | November 21, 2007 2:56 AM
Hello Dave,
I think you posted the same timeline in february. As there are a few mistakes, I'll post the same comment as then :
There is an error in this chronology :
Whaling was organized in Taiji by Wada Chûbei Yorimoto in 1606. 1675-77 is when his grandson, Taiji Kakuemon Yoriharu introduced nets in whaling.
This chronolgy would be better if it was refering to the BWU and other important mistaken measures taken by the IWC in the past. From 1971, your chronology is more about Greenpeace than whaling...
Posted by: isanatori | November 21, 2007 2:57 AM
Thanks Isantori, I'll check with Kieran on this.
Posted by: Dave | November 21, 2007 9:30 AM
While I agree upon putting statistics correct I find the hairplitting incredible, regarding the fact that a few people laugh into the face of the population of a whole planet. And I find it even more incredible that these few people seem to get away with it.
How far do we allow them to go?
It is not only about killing whales, it is a matter of solidarity and responsibility for the whole planet that is totally ridiculed and stamped into the ground by a few!!
Posted by: Petra Voegtle | November 21, 2007 3:13 PM
Isanatori - here's a note from Kieran (for everyone else, BWU means Blue Whale Unit, once a form of calculating catch limits)
Hey Dave,
He's correct that Taiji whalers began being organized to actively go out and hunt whales (rather than just wait for them to show up) around 1606. It's important to point out that the chronology isn't in error on this point, because it doesn't state anything to the contrary; it's a brief chronology that highlights a few key elements in whaling history. It's always been my understanding that it was the development of net whaling in or around 1675 that was the key development in whaling in Japan, and so that's why it's included. Part of it is a context thing: the chronology is adapted from the book, and of course in the book this is discussed a little.
The discrepancies in the name of the individuals is interesting. I have always seen and used the name Yoriharu Wada for the younger of the two men. I have seen different versions of the name written as well, but I don't know if it's an issue of different translation or incorrect Anglicisation, or just different ways of writing the name. Your correspondent appears to be probably better-versed on this than am I.
Regarding the BWU issue: again, a matter of context. The original, full version of the chronology as featured in the book does indeed mention the BWU, and the book discusses it extensively. When we adapted it for the website, I suspect I felt that mentioning the BWU without elucidation on what it was would be meaningless; and that a full explanation might be tedious.
As for the comment that after 1971, it's more about Greenpeace than whaling: It's a Greenpeace website.
K
Posted by: Dave on the Esperanza | November 23, 2007 4:53 PM
Hi Dave,
Thanks for telling Kieran Mulvaney about what I said.
However, I have to say I still disagree with his chronology. I understand what he means when he says the introduction of nets in Japanese whaling in 1675 by Taiji Kakuemon Yoriharu. But to mention it the way he did, that is "1675 - Yoriharu Wada BEGINS organizing whaling crews in Taiji, Japan" (my emphasis), is just historically untrue as Japanese organized whaling started in 1606 as I said previously.
As for the name, the man's name was well Wada, but he then received the name of Taiji after his achievement. Most books I have read on the subject use the name of Taiji when referring to him.
So there's a chronology for the book and one for a website. The BWU is however one of the main reasons why so many whale species have been depleted. Not to mention it doesn't sound very serious to me. Besides, it's not too difficult to insert :
1930's - A Norwegian-English whaling cartel introduces a system of equivalences between different whale species based on the average quantity of whale oil that can be produced from a blue whale. This system si called Blue Whale Unit (BWU).
1946 - The BWU system is adopted for the management of whaling under the ICRW.
1972 - The IWC finally withdraws the BWU system.
I don't think it's too complicated for the readers. I also believe people should know about this, even without buying Mr. Mulvaney's book. It's certainly more important than knowing what Greenpeace have been doing 2007 (there are 4 entries for this year only!).
Cheers
Posted by: isanatori | November 27, 2007 3:03 AM
hi, I'm chilean and I live in chile xD I can't speak english very good.. so... I go to write in spanish
yo soy chilena, especialmente, de viña del mar y acá en chile estamos haciendo todo lo posible para no permitirle el paso a japón hacia chile, no le creemos nada de que tengan que matar a esas lindas ballenas para fines cientificos =( cuenten greenpeace con el apollo de chile en esta noble causa! =)
Posted by: francisca garcia (kika=D) | December 5, 2007 10:51 PM
hi, I'm chilean and I live in chile xD I can't speak english very good.. so... I go to write in spanish
yo soy chilena, especialmente, de viña del mar y acá en chile estamos haciendo todo lo posible para no permitirle el paso a japón hacia chile, no le creemos nada de que tengan que matar a esas lindas ballenas para fines cientificos =( cuenten greenpeace con el apollo de chile en esta noble causa! =)
Posted by: francisca garcia (kika=D) | December 5, 2007 10:53 PM